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VICTOR SEGESVARY : LE RÉALISME KHROUCHTCHÉVIEN

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SUMMARY IN ENGLISH

The Realism of Khrushchev

Soviet Foreign Policy versus Arab Nationalism, 1953 – 1960

[THIS STUDY WAS THE AUTHOR’S DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

AT THE GRADUATE SCHOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND]

The study deals with the epoch-making change in Soviet foreign policy after the death of Staline,

initiated by Khrushchev between 1953 and 1960. This new approach in Soviet policy towards States which

already obtained independence from the colonial powers (including those which were not colonies but were

so-called protectorates before), in the first place the Arab States of the Middle East, was an essential part of

the worldwide movement of de-colonization. Therefore, its conclusions point to future Soviet policy initiatives

in respect of the Third World – designating the rest of the world falling outside the orbit of Western

civilization’s two hostile camps, the capitalist and anti-totalitarian, on the one hand, and the socialist-

communist blocks, on the other.

It is also evident from the lecture of the book that the Soviet Union, as any other great power in any

period of history, pushed aside, whenever necessary, its ideological convictions and the defense of the

parties related to it as banner-holders of the world revolution, in order to safeguard and promote her own

interests as a State and aspiring world power. This was like an earthquake after the long reign of Staline

who, as his attitude towards the Iranian bourgeois-nationalist reformer Mossadeq in 1953 proved it, rejected

such an approach to emerging nation-states whose independence was menaced by the former ‘imperialist’

powers. In one word: the new approach meant giving priority to the objectives of the national revolt in former

colonies or protectorates over the realization of the aims of the social revolution, the radical changes to be

achieved in society.

What were the most important elements which influenced Soviet policymakers in their decisions? One

can mention here, briefly, three:

– The polycentric evolution on the international plane which followed from the Soviet military role at the

end of the Second World War, on the one hand, and the polycentric evolution in the orbit of the Communist

world (mainly illustrated by China’s rising to eminence), on the other.

– The enormous military power of the USSR which was a new phenomenon in the international

system, and,

– The gradual emancipation of Asian and African countries hitherto colonized by the West.

1. THE NEW APPROACH OF SOVIET POLICY IN THE THIRD WORLD

The new approach towards nationalist movements in the Third World was overtly adopted at the 20th

Congress of the Russian Communist Party, following the success of the Egyptian revolution in 1952, the

Bandung Conference declaring the principle of peaceful coexistence in April 1955, and Egyptian President

Gamal Abdel Nasser’s radical attitude when he nationalized the Suez Canal. In fact, the Supreme Soviet

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